- LITHIUM NIOBATE CRYSTAL NO FURTHER A MYSTERY

In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is generally due to insufficient oxygen in Nb2O5, used like a Uncooked materials First soften (Czochralski approach) [186]. Appropriately, based on its manufacturing engineering, niobium pentoxide can undertake an array of compositions Nb2O5−x. Th